Increase Household Debt Levels At Australia - 1002 Words

Increase Household Debt Levels At the end of 2013 total household debt was at a 25 year high of $1.84 trillion, the amount of debt owed by households was nearly 1.8 times the amount of disposable income earned by households in that year, (ABS 2014). This significant rise in debt taken on by Australian households can be attributed to favourable macroeconomic conditions and historically low rates of interest and inflation, (Meng, Hoang Siriwardana 2013). Favourable macroeconomic conditions: Prior to the Global Financial Crisis Australia experienced strong economic growth, low levels of unemployment and strong growth in both the housing and share market. This was due to the mining boom and strong demand for Australia’s commodity exports.†¦show more content†¦This can be seen through the fisher equation when nominal interest rates are low and inflation rates are low, households are able to borrow more at the same level of repayment costs. This leads to an increase in the average size of new housing loans. The current ‘borrowers market’ along with the governments first home buyers scheme and the vast availability of finance has meant that their has been an increase in the number of first home buyers acquiring debt, therefore increasing household debt levels, (Sheehan 2014). Risks of high household debt levels Australian households: (McGrath 2014), suggests that high levels of household debt result in Australian households being more susceptible to changes in interest rates, changes to household income and other economic shocks. For example if the Australian economy experience a rise in the level of unemployment or a reduction in the level of wages, households with high debt levels will be unable to finance their debt and will eventually default on their loans. This results in consumption spending becoming more sensitive to changes in expectations about future income, resulting in greater levels of uncertainty, (Joye 2014). Additionally because the majority of household debt in Australia is linked to variable rates, rather than a fixed rate of interest, households a more susceptible to unanticipated changes to the

The New Geography Of Jobs - 1252 Words

Americans frequently discuss the difference of success for some places and the decline for other. One of the main reasons are the growing opportunities for the well-educated college population and the exclusion for the less skilled workforce. Another primary cause of the divergence of the economy in the United States is that cities until nowadays have a traditional economy and they did not shift to knowledge or human capital economy. However, on the opposite side, many cities took advantage of the human capital and invested their forces to be a high-tech market. The book, â€Å"The New Geography of Jobs† of Enrico Moretti is a perfect tool that explains the reasons why this might happen. The book focuses in to explain why the â€Å"Great Divergence†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Another example that he used was the decline of Detroit which was the Silicon Valley of the 1950s and today is a city with a high rate of crime, poverty, and unemployment. Moretti states that the economic map follows the three America theory that divides the United States into three different classes. He uses this theory to explain why these disparities occur between regions and their divisional factors. On the one hand, high wages for a skilled and unskilled labor force, on other low levels and declining markets and between the two, undecided cities. In other words, innovative cities, traditional manufacturing regions and in between the towns that can go anyways. What we can observe is that places where highly specialized innovation is predominant, for example where the engineers and designers are, clusters generate for each job created an additional five jobs outside the high technology industry. We can attribute this reason to the dense cluster phenomenon which the multiplier effect of high-tech companies when they are located near each other. The result of creating additional local service jobs increase significantly because people with a high ave rage of wages tend to spend part of their salary on wealthy service. Moretti refers this type of employment as the non-traded sector, to exemplify, it is jobs that only be performed by the local workforce. On the opposite direction, the manufacturing industryShow MoreRelatedThe New Geography Of Jobs1882 Words   |  8 PagesThe New Geography of Jobs According to Enrico Moretti s ground breaking book, â€Å"The New Geography of Jobs,† manufacturing sector companies have been superseded in the knowledge economy by innovation sector companies. While they were once the holy grail of community planners, manufacturing sector companies are no longer the ideal economic model. One key premise of Moretti s book is that industry-focused brain hubs create thick labor markets with lots of specifically skilled workers. For exampleRead MoreDr. Steven M. Quiring1523 Words   |  7 Pagesprofessor and graduate director in the Department of Geography at Texas AM University. As his research assistant, I felt so happy to work with such an excellent, patient, and easygoing scholar over this semester. And I was fortunate to be assigned to interview him so as to have an opportunity to know him better. Dr. Quiring and I met at his office on Tuesday, November 17th. Due to he is one of the busiest faculty members in the department of geography, so finally we conducted a short half-hour interviewRead MoreGeography Is Not The Way For A Successful Career Opportunity1069 Words   |  5 Pages Often geography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ is avoided by students who have decided that geosciences â€Å"a general term used to describe a wide range of specialized scientific fi elds within the broad areas of geology and resource management† (Clarke, Earle, and Wallace, 2006) is not the way to a successful career opportunity. 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The geography of the Mississippi River provided early settlers with the natural resources to survive and thrive. At the same time the aggressive expansion of culture significantly impacted the Mississippi River’s region. History of settlement along the Mississippi River illustrates the fact that the geography of the river is a natural attraction to settlers. ArcheologicalRead MoreThe Five Themes Of Geography827 Words   |  4 Pages What is geography? Geography is when you study features of the earth and its atmosphere, human species and how human activity affect and are affected by these things. Geographers often tell people they study the â€Å"why of where.† Geographers often have to explain their interests in all the patterns of human and natural experiences and as they happen in certain places. Have you heard of the five themes of geography? 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Alfred Binet and His Life Free Essays

string(40) " simply called the Binet–Simon scale\." Binet attended law school in Paris, and received his degree in 1878. He also studied Natural Sciences at the Sorbonne. His first formal job was as a researcher at a neurological clinic, Salpetriere Hospital, in Paris from 1883 – 1889. We will write a custom essay sample on Alfred Binet and His Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now From there, Binet went on to being a researcher and associate director of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology at the Sorbonne from 1891 – 1894. In 1894, he was promoted to being the director of the laboratory until 1911 (his death). After receiving his law degree in 1878, Alfred Binet began to study science at the Sorbonne.However, he was not overly interested in his formal schooling, and started educating himself by reading psychology texts at the National Library in Paris. He soon became fascinated with the ideas of John Stuart Mill, who believed that the operations of intelligence could be explained by the laws of associationism. Binet eventually realized the limitations of this theory, but Mill’s ideas continued to influence his work. In 1883, years of unaccompanied study ended when Binet was introduced to Charles Fere, who introduced him to Jean Charcot, the director of a clinic called La Salpetriere. Charcot became his mentor and in turn, Binet accepted a job offer at the clinic. During his seven years there, any and every of Charcot’s views were accepted unconditionally by Binet. This of course, was where he could have used the interactions with others and training in critical thinking that a University education provided. In 1883, Binet began to work in Jean-Martin Charcot’s neurological laboratory at the Salpetriere Hospital in Paris. At the time of Binet’s tenure, Charcot was experimenting with hypnotism. Binet was strongly influenced by this great man, and published four articles about his work in this area. Unfortunately, Charcot’s conclusions did not hold up under professional scrutiny, and Binet was forced to make an embarrassing public admission that he had been wrong in supporting his teacher. When his intrigue with hypnosis waned as a result of failure to establish professional acceptance, he turned to the study of development spurred on by the birth of his two daughters, Madeleine and Alice (born in 1885 and 1887, respectively). In the 21 year period following his shift in career interests, Binet â€Å"published more than 200 books, articles, and reviews in what now would be called experimental, developmental, educational, social, nd differential psychology† (Siegler, 1992). Bergin and Cizek (2001) suggest that this work may have influenced Jean Piaget, who later studied with Binet’s collaborator Theodore Simon in 1920. Binet’s research with his daughters helped him to further refine his developing conception of intelligence, especially the importance of attention span and suggestibility in intellectual development. Despite Binet’s extensive research interests and wide breadth of publications, today he is most widely known for his contributions to intelligence. Wolf (1973) postulates that this is the result of his not being affiliation with a major university. Because Binet did not have any formalized graduate study in psychology, he did not hold a professorship with a prestigious institution where students and funds would be sure to perpetuate his work (Siegler, 1992). Additionally, his more progressive theories did not provide the practical utility that his intelligence scale would evoke. Binet and his coworker Fere discovered what they called transfer and they also recognized perceptual and emotional polarization. Binet and Fere thought their findings were a phenomenon and of utmost importance. After investigations by many, the two men were forced to admit that they were wrong about their concepts of transfer and polarization. Basically, their patients had known what was expected, what was supposed to happen, and so they simply assented. Binet had risked everything on his experiment and its results, and this failure took a toll on him. In 1890, Binet resigned from La Salpetriere and never mentioned the place or its director again. His interests then turned toward the development of his children, Madeleine and Alice, who were two years apart. This research corresponds with that done by Jean Piaget just a short time later, regarding the development of cognition in children. A job presented itself for Binet in 1891 at the Laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Sorbonne. He worked for a year without pay and by 1894, he took over as the director. This was a position that Binet held until his death, and it enabled him to pursue his studies on mental processes. While directing the Laboratory, Theodore Simon applied to do doctoral research under Binet’s supervision. This was the beginning of their long, fruitful collaboration. During this time he also co-founded the French journal of psychology, L’Annee psychologique, serving as the director and editor-in-chief. n 1899, Binet was asked to be a member of the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child. French education changed profusely during the end of the nineteenth century, because of a law that passed which made it mandatory for children ages six to fourteen to attend school. This group to which Binet became a member hoped to begin studying children in a scientific manner. Binet and many other members of the society were appointed to the Commission for the Retarded. The question became â€Å"What should be the test given to children thought to possibly have learning disabilities, that might place them in a special classroom? † Binet made it his problem to establish the differences that separate the normal child from the abnormal, and to measure such differences. L’Etude experimentale de l’intelligence (Experimental Studies of Intelligence) was the book he used to describe his methods and it was published in 1903. Development of more tests and investigations began soon after the book, with the help of a young medical student named Theodore Simon. Simon had nominated himself a few years before as Binet’s research assistant and worked with him on the intelligence tests that Binet is known for, which share Simon’s name as well. In 1905, a new test for measuring intelligence was introduced and simply called the Binet–Simon scale. You read "Alfred Binet and His Life" in category "Essay examples" In 1908, they revised the scale, dropping, modifying, and adding tests and also arranging them according to age levels from three to thirteen. In 1904 a French professional group for child psychology, La Societe Libre pour l’Etude Psychologique de l’Enfant, was called upon by the French government to appoint a commission on the education of retarded children. The commission was asked to create a mechanism for identifying students in need of alternative education. Binet, being an active member of this group, found the impetus for the development of his mental scale. Binet and Simon, in creating what historically is known as the Binet-Simon Scale, comprised a variety of tasks they thought were representative of typical children’s abilities at various ages. This task-selection process was based on their many years of observing children in natural settings. They then tested their measurement on a sample of fifty children, ten children per five age groups. The children selected for their study were identified by their school teachers as being average for their age. The purpose of this scale of normal functioning, which would later be revised twice using more stringent standards, was to compare children’s mental abilities relative to those of their normal peers (Siegler, 1992). The scale consisted of thirty tasks of increasing complexity. The easiest of these could be accomplished by all children, even those who were severely retarded. Some of the simplest test items assessed whether or not a child could follow a lighted match with his eyes or shake hands with the examiner. Slightly harder tasks required children to point to various named body parts, repeat back a series of 3 digits, repeat simple sentences, and to define words like house, fork or mama. More difficult test items required children to state the difference between pairs of things, reproduce drawings from memory or to construct sentences from three given words such as â€Å"Paris, river and fortune. † The hardest test items included asking children to repeat back 7 random digits, find three rhymes for the French word obeisance and to answer questions such as â€Å"My neighbor has been receiving strange visitors. He has received in turn a doctor, a lawyer, and then a priest. What is taking place? † (Fancher, 1985). For the practical use of determining educational placement, the score on the Binet-Simon scale would reveal the child’s mental age. For example, a 6 year-old child who passed all the tasks usually passed by 6 year-olds–but nothing beyond–would have a mental age that exactly matched his chronological age, 6. 0. (Fancher, 1985). Binet was forthright about the limitations of his scale. He stressed the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, measures. Binet also stressed that intellectual development progressed at variable rates and could be influenced by the environment; therefore, intelligence was not based solely on genetics, was malleable rather than fixed, and could only be found in children with comparable backgrounds (Siegler, 1992). Given Binet’s stance that intelligence testing was subject to variability and was not generalizable, it is important to look at the metamorphosis that mental testing took on as it made its way to the U. S. While Binet was developing his mental scale, the business, civic, and educational leaders in the U.  S. were facing issues of how to accommodate the needs of a diversifying population, while continuing to meet the demands of society. There arose the call to form a society based on meritocracy (Siegler,1992) while continuing to underline the ideals of the upper class. In 1908, H. H. Goddard, a champion of the eugenics movement, found utility in mental testing as a way to evidence the superiority of the white race. After studying abroad, Goddard brought the Binet-Simon Scale to the United States and translated it into English. Following Goddard in the U. S. ental testing movement was Lewis Terman who took the Simon-Binet Scale and standardized it using a large American sample. The new Standford-Binet scale was no longer used solely for advocating education for all children, as was Binet’s objective. A new objective of intelligence testing was illustrated in the Stanford-Binet manual with testing ultimately resulting in â€Å"curtailing the reproduction of feeble-mindedness and in the elimination of an enormous amount of crime, pauperism, and industrial inefficiency (p. 7)† Terman, L. , Lyman, G. , Ordahl, G. , Ordahl, L. , Galbreath, N. ; Talbert, W. (1916). The Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Scale for Measuring Intelligence. Baltimore: Warwick ; York. (White, 2000). It follows that we should question why Binet did not speak out concerning the newfound uses of his measure. Siegler (1992) pointed out that Binet was somewhat of an isolationist in that he never traveled outside of France and he barely participated in professional organizations. Additionally, his mental scale was not adopted in his own country during his lifetime and therefore was not subjected to the same fate. Finally, when Binet did become aware of the â€Å"foreign ideas being grafted on his instrument† he condemned those who with ‘brutal pessimism’ and ‘deplorable verdicts’ were promoting the concept of intelligence as a single, unitary construct (White, 2000). From 1905 to 1908, Binet and Simon developed a test primarily for kids ages 3 to 15 that would compare their intellectual capabilities to other children of the same age. He did a lot of trial and error testing with students from his area. Binet studied groups of â€Å"normal† children, and also children who were mentally challenged. He had to figure out which tasks each group of students was able to complete, and what would be considered standard in the groups. The tests were held between one interviewer and one student, and determined what level of intellectual thinking the student had achieved. The invention of the intelligence test was extremely important to the field of education. Binet published the third version of the Binet-Simon scale right before he died in 1911, but it was still unfinished. If it were not for his early death, Binet surely would have continued to revise the scale. Still, the Binet-Simon scale was and is hugely popular around the world, mainly because it is easy to give and fairly brief. Since his death, many people in many ways have honored Binet, but two of these stand out. In 1917, the Free Society for the Psychological Study of the Child, to whom Binet became a member in 1899 and which prompted his development of the intelligence tests, changed their name to La Societe Alfred Binet, in memory of the renowned psychologist. The second honor was not until 1984, when the journal Science 84 picked the Binet-Simon scale, as one of twenty of this century’s most significant developments or discoveries. He studied sexual behavior, coining the term erotic fetishism to describe individuals whose sexual interests in nonhuman objects, such as articles of clothing. He also studied abilities of Valentine Dencausse, the most famous chiromancer in Paris in those days. References http://www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/psychtesting/profiles/binet.htm http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/binet.shtml How to cite Alfred Binet and His Life, Essay examples

Work Health and Safety Act Hospital Environment

Question: Discuss about theWork Health and Safety Actfor Hospital Environment. Answer: Introduction WH Safety Act 2011 was initiated for enhancing safe work practices within the country (Australia). As such, the essay will exemplify and clarify the understanding the aim of the Act as far as an employer-employee relation is concerned in a work environment. In this regard, it will identify a handful emergency procedures within a hospital environment, list activities that are not permitted in a workplace, and as well explain why it is important to identify hazards. Moreover, further contents will contain the importance of the risk assessment process, incident reporting process under NSW government hospitals, role, and responsibility of the WHS committee, a hierarchy of control, workplace safety and incident/ accident reporting procedure. The Aim of WH Safety Act 2011 The famous WH Safety Act is important in that it enhances the provision of an explicit framework for enhancing protection of health, welfare, and safety of all employees within their work jurisdictions. In addition, the WHS Act 2011 also provides health and safety protection to all other peoples who could be affected by the work in one way or the other (NSW Legislation, 2011). Among the groups protected by the act comprises of: employers, employees, contractors, subcontractors, volunteers, interns and experienced students, trainees and apprentices, and out workers. As such, public is not excluded since the general public is also protected by the act since they are either affected directly or indirectly (safe work website). Employer/ Employee Responsibilities for Maintaining a Safe Working Environment Employer The employer is responsible for the provision of workers and contractors with adequate facilities to enhance safety at work. This may not be limited to capital resources but also amenities, hygienic eating areas, and clean drinking water among others. It is the role of the employer to ensure that much consultations are carried out with employees regarding factors that directly impact their welfare. As such, health and safety representation within an organization should include employees so that their plight would be addressed accordingly. An employer has to nominate a senior member of the management team or (yourself) to be responsible for handling workers affairs including health and safety issues within the organization. Keeping relevant and valid information regarding workers health and safety. Such records could include asbestos assessment, biological monitoring, relevant medication information and first aid records among others. Periodically, the employer should organize for and/or engage qualified people with expertise in health and safety to advise the workers on issues that affect their wellbeing as employees leading to effective work/ life balance. The employer should also be able to avail information to the employees in appropriate language about available arrangements about employee health and safety, and to whom they should make any complaint or inquiry. The WHS Act 2011 explicate that an employer should ensure that workers have sufficient information, training, instruction, and supervision that enhance their health, safety and wellbeing at work (Safe Work Australia, 2012: NSW Health website). Employee Although it is rightful to state that an employer has to enhance health and safety working conditions in an organization, workers also have distinct roles that have to be accomplished to realize work health and safety. According to WHS 2011, workers are responsible for the following: Taking care while working to ensure that the manner in which they work does not harm themselves and others. When there is any injury or illness, employees are responsible for notifying the employer within 30 days from the time they realize any concern that could compromise their work, health, and safety. Although employees are entitled to medical treatment or time off as a result of illness or injury. They are responsible for making claims and as well decides to choose preferred doctor and/or healthcare provider. Moreover, when there is a need for occupational rehabilitation services, the worker has the right to select from a list of three (3) service providers. In a workplace, accident victims are responsible for choosing a representative, person to support or assisted in the return to work process. But, the WHS Act 2011 affirms that a legal practitioner cannot be a representative (safe work website). Three Emergency Procedures within a Hospital Environment In a hospital environment more specifically in Australia, the WH S Act 2011 indicate four main emergency procedures: Alert (when there is a possible emergency). Standby (when the emergency is eminent) Response (when the emergency ideally exists and a response is required). And stand down (when the emergency has abated and recovery activities can begin). Activities that are not permitted in the workplace under the WHS Act 2011 Being irresponsible as to the risk of death or serious illness or injury on an individual (Work Health | Safety Act, 2011, 42). Engaging in conduct that exposes an individual to the risk of death, injury or illness (Work Health Safety Act, 2011, 42). Failure to comply with health and safety duty (Work Health Safety Act, 2011, 42). Any person conducting an undertaking should not provide monetary support to representatives in health safety departments purposefully to the person referred to in action (Work Health and Safety Act, 2011, 42) Knowingly making misleading representation to another person about rights or obligation under the WHS Act 2011 (Work Health Safety Act, 2011, 58). Why it is Important to Identify Hazards Hazard identification is important and very crucial in the mitigation process. However, it also enhances the realization and adoption of appropriate measures to control further risks that may occur through the continuous use of new work processes, workers involvement, and equipment (NSW Health website). The Importance of the Risk Assessment Process In any organization, risk assessment process plays a great role in determining effective occupational health and safety practices that are integral in deriving a realistic risk management plan.as such, assessment process creates awareness about the risk and associated hazards thus enhancing the realization of the people who are at risk be it employees, employers, contractors, subcontractors, interns, subordinate staff or the general public. As such, this helps an organization to directly monitor risks and as well monitor the effectiveness of predetermined risk mitigation strategies (safe work website). The incident reporting process under NSW government hospitals In NSW government hospitals, incident reporting process includes the following: Identification of the incident (Work Health and Safety Act, 2011, 42). Immediate action(s) to mitigate adverse consequences notification of the incident into the incident management system (IMS) under categorized relevant incident type in order to enhance allocation of SAC rating (Work Health and Safety Act, 2011, 42). Documentation of incident management system number in the patient medication record is done (Work Health and Safety Act, 2011, 42). Prioritization is done through confirmation of SAC rating hence preparation and submission of reported incidents for all SAC1 incidents and others according to Ministry of Health (MOH) mandates. Investigation of incidents (Guide to the Work Health and Safety Act, 2011). Classification and confirmation of final incident type(s) (Guide to the Work Health and Safety Act, 2011). Incident analysis to identify emerging themes/ trends that contribute to such incidents (Guide to the Work Health and Safety Act, 2011). Finally, action plans on implementation of recommendations based on the action plan. The Role and Responsibility of the WHS Committee The roles played by WH S safety committee mainly ensures that an organization has a genuine representation of workers in health and safety related matters that affect their involvement in the organization. However, the committee is also responsible for assisting to enhance the realization of standard, rules and procedures related to health and safety to be complied within the workplace, and any other function as may be agreed between employer and employees (Guide to the Work Health and Safety Act, 2011). Hierarchy of Control According to WHS Act 2011, the hierarchy of control should be utilized sequentially as follows: eliminating, substituting, isolating, engineering, administering and personal protective Equipment (PPE) (Safe Work Australia, 2012). Workplace Safety: In most cases, enrolled nurses are prone to accidents like: Cuts Infection Burns Others include but not limited to the wrist, ankle and back strains. The incident/ accident report should include the following factors: Hazard Hierarchy of controls Illness Incident Serious injury or illness Actual consequences Potential risks Residual risk (NSW Nurses and Midwives Association, 2013). Conclusion Considering the essay, it is imperative to state that the WHS 2011 is important in enhancing the understanding of how best to enhance enrolled nurse practices within the hospital working environment. In addition, other stakeholders in the respective organization also rely heavily on the content of the act in order to enhance smooth operations and workers health and safety. Indeed the content of the paper is adequate to realize what law require as far as health and safety in the workplace are concerned. References Guide to the Work Health and Safety Act, 2011. Queensland. Retrieved from: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/data/assets/pdf_file/0006/82545/guide-to-work-health-and-safety-act-2011.pdf Safe Work Australia, 2012. Australia Government Website. Retrieved from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/model-whs-laws/model-whs-regulations/Historical/Model_Explanatory_Statement-January2012.pdf NSW Health, 2012. Australia Government Website. Retrieved from: https://www.health.nsw.gov.au/Pages/default.aspx NSW Legislation, 2011. Australia Government Website. Retrieved from: https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/inforce/f8df8095-a335-66a0-8828-f33d06042cb9/2011-10.pdf NSW Safe work (Website). Retrieved from: https://www.safework.nsw.gov.au/health-and-safety Work Health and Safety Act, 2011. No 10. Assented to 7.6.2011. Date of commencement, 1.1.2012, sec 2. Work Health and Safety Act, 2012. Legislation. Retrieved from: https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/WORK%20HEALTH%20AND%20SAFETY%20ACT%202012/CURRENT/2012.40.UN.PDF NSW Nurses and Midwives Association, 2013. Work Health and Safety Essentials for Nurses and Midwives. Retrieved from: https://www.nswnma.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/NSWNMA-Work-Health-and-Safety-Essentials-for-Nurses-and-Midwives-2013.pdf